Download air cooled heat exchanger design
Author: N | 2025-04-24
Free air cooled heat exchanger design calculator Excel: This page is giving a calculation method to design step by step air heat exchangers. Introduction to air cooled heat exchangers. Air cooled heat exchangers are appealing as they
Designing of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers: by
Interactive Heat Transfer 4.0RequestDownloadlink when availableChoose the most popular programs from Design & Photo software4 6 votes Your vote:Latest version:4.0.1.3See allReviewDownloadComments Questions & Answers Old versionsInteractive Heat Transfer 3.0 RequestDownloadlink when availableEdit program infoInfo updated on:Nov 13, 2022Software InformerDownload popular programs, drivers and latest updates easilyNo specific info about version 4.0. Please visit the main page of Interactive Heat Transfer on Software Informer.Share your experience:Write a review about this program Comments 46 votes23010Your vote:Notify me about replies Comment viaFacebookRelated software Air Cooled Heat Exchanger It shows the thermal design and sizing calculations of cooled heat exchangers.The Heat Exchanger Network FreeTHEN is a heat exchanger network synthesis program.Heat Transfer FreeHeat Transfer Solver shows a group of Heat Transfer problems with solutionsGasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Thermal analysis and calculations for gasketed plate heat exchangers.Hydrotherm Interactive FreeA Computer Code for Simulation of Two-Phase Ground-Water Flow and Heat TransportRelated storiesSee allMobile Data Transfer. Part I: Android → PCMobile Data Transfer. Part II: iOS → PCBest tools to perform iOS → PC data transferProven: we don't really work on Fridays. Is there a cure?TagsHeat transferInteractiveTransferHeatUsers are downloadingBlue Heat/Net Configuration ManagerUPONOR HSE-therm / heat&energy RO
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
Exchanger will eventually increase exponentially. One should be careful not to specify heat exchangers with unnecessarily small approach temperatures, as it can lead to costly over-design. Reasonable approach temperatures are usually:15 F for water cooled heat exchangers20 F for steam heated heat exchangers25 F for air cooled heat exchangersIf you do not absolutely need a particular outlet temperature from your heat exchanger, let your designer know; they can use this information to offer you less costly alternatives!Q. What is Dew Point?The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant pressure, for water vapor to start to condense into liquid. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation point. The dew point is associated with relative humidity; high relative humidity indicates that the dew point is close to the temperature. Relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the temperature and the water vapor (humidity) is saturated. When the dew point remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity will decrease. At a given pressure, independent of temperature, the dew point indicates the mole fraction of water vapor in the air, and therefore determines the specific humidity of the air.The below graph of a typical 24 hour period with roughly the same absolute humidity (dew point) illustrates the inverse relationship between temperature and relative humidity.Find data for your area on Climate Charts world-wide map. Click on a nearby station to view a chart of daily high and low temperatures. The overnight low is often a few degrees below the daytime dew point.Extreme ValuesA dew point of 33 °C (91 °F) was observed at 2:00 p.m. on July 12, 1987, in Melbourne, Florida. A dew point of 32 °C (90 °F) has been observed in the United States on at least two occasions: Appleton, Wisconsin, at 5:00 p.m. on July 13, 1995, and New Orleans Naval Air Station at 5:00 p.m. on July 30, 1987. A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on July 8, 2003. Dew points this high are extremely rare occurrences. Dew points higher than 80°F are rare, even in the tropics. The most humid USA design condition published by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers) is Galveston, Tx: a 75.2 °F dew point, which is exceeded only 1% of the average summer, or about 30 hours.The heat index below gives some perspective on dew points. Beware of a specification of “100 F, 100% RH” …as you can see it’s off the chart; it simply does not happen.NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat IndexHumidity specified in terms of dew point is much simpler and less error-prone than the often misused term relative humidity. Relative humidity is often specified without an accurate reference temperature (to which the humidity is relative). For instance, it’s common to see something like: “Average temperature 55 to 94°F and relative humidity of 35% to 100%” for aAir Cooled Heat Exchanger Design Download - It
, where Tdb sup in = Tdb sec in for the indirect cooler. The maximum heat transfer possible would be obtained if the supply stream was cooled all the way to the wet-bulb temperature. So the efficiency of the indirect evaporative cooler is defined by: eind = (Tdbsupin−Tdbsupout)(Todb−Towb) . Using the combination of the effectiveness and saturation efficiency, the total efficiency of the indirect stage can be expressed by: eind = eHx ese CsupCmin . In many cases Csup = Cmin and the efficiency of the indirect stage reduces to: eind = eHx ese. An intuitive model determining the performance of the wet coil indirect model was developed. This model can be used for all indirect models by curve fitting data from the evaporative cooler of interest. The model development starts with the total efficiency of the indirect evaporative cooler: eind = (Tdbsupin−Tdbsupout)(Todb−Towb) Solving for T db sup out gives the leaving conditions of the supply air at a constant humidity ratio: T db sup out = Tdb sup in - eind * (Todb - Towb) A form for the efficiency of the indirect stage was devised using a maximum efficiency with a coefficient to reduce the efficiency depending on the ratio of the airflows. eind = emax - C1 * (CFMsupCFMsec ) C1 is the “Flow Efficiency Ratio” and is determined from performance data. A check of limits will verify that it makes physical sense. As the magnitude of the secondary flow increases, the second term of equation above becomes smaller. This would make the efficiency tend to go to the maximum efficiency. Physically this would be true since the convective terms for heat and mass transfer would increase on the outside of the tube with the additional mass flow rate. Similarly, if the supply air flow goes to zero with a constant secondary air flow, the second term of the equation above again becomes small, and the overall efficiency of the stage would approach the maximum. The constant C1 tells how quickly the efficiency of the stage would decrease with a mismatch of the supply and secondary flows. The maximum efficiency of the stage is a combination of the efficiency due to the simultaneous heat and mass transfer on the outside of the tube and the efficiency of the heat exchanger. This value can be higher than the dry coil overall efficiency since the convective coefficients on the outside of the tube are larger. For example, a least squares fit for the maximum efficiency showed this value was approximately 0.8 compared to the dry coil indirect value of approximately 0.65 (0.67 * 0.97). (The maximum efficiency for the dry coil indirect was determined at the condition where flow through the evaporative pad in the secondary air stream approached zero, for a 12-inch thick pad.) It should be noted again that over the operating life of the wet coil heat exchanger, the mineral deposits that are left can decrease the effectiveness of the heat exchanger unless appropriate maintenance has. Free air cooled heat exchanger design calculator Excel: This page is giving a calculation method to design step by step air heat exchangers. Introduction to air cooled heat exchangers. Air cooled heat exchangers are appealing as theyProcess Design of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers (Air
To read about any of the products offered here or to download a demo please feel free to explore the website from the menu on the left-hand side.Prices are subject to change, please check back regularly. All prices indicated are in British Pounds (GBP)PLEASE NOTE THAT PRICES BELOW ARE EXECLUSIVE OF ANY LOCAL TAXESSoftwareAbbreviationHeat Exchanger SuiteHExSAir Cooled Heat Exchanger DesignACHexCondenser DesignCnDShell & Tube Heat Exchanger DesignS&THexDouble Pipe Heat Exchanger DesignDHexKettle Reboiler DesignKRDGasketed Plate Heat Exchanger DesignPHexVertical Thermosiphon DesignVTDOrifice Design CalculatorOrDWeBBusterZ Physical Properties EstimationPhysPropsPhysPro Fluid PropertiesPhysProRelief valve sizing calculatorRVProcess Engineering CalculatorProEngCalcHelical Coil Heat Exchanger DesignHCHexQuick Process & Instrumentation DiagramQuick P&IDDecanter Sizing CalculatorDSCProductsProductsPrice (GBP)Single User LicenseNetwork User License Engineer it for me LtdMin 5 Licenses * ProEngCalc£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowACHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowVTD£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHCHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowCnD£110.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowS&THex£99.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowKRD£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowDHex£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowPHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowOrD£40.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowRV£40.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowQuick P&ID£45.00Buy NowBuy NowBuyNowHExS£549.00Buy NowBuy NowDSC£49.00Buy NowBuy NowPhyProps£35.00Buy NowPhysPro Fluid Properties£45.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowLicense Replacement Service / Extra Licenses PurchaseFrom £30.00Contact usProduct Upgrade (Any Webbusterz Software above)15% off the purchase priceContact usMaintenance Plan Renewal£40.00 – 6 Months£55 – 1 Year£140 – 2 Years£200 – 3 YearsBuy NowSoftware Support (Premium support per hour service)£125.00 Per hour(Click to read about this)Buy Now* Network Licenses are valid for 3 years from the date of activation. * Volume Discounts Available during PurchaseSpecial OffersSoftware bundles at a discounted price are listed below, to check out any package click on the link. to see all packages please visit our special offer storeAll software packageHExSHeat Exchanger Package 2HExS, ProEngCalc, DSCACHex, S&THex,CnD, KRD,DHex,PHex,HCHex,VTDS&THex, CnD, KRD, DHex£699£549£364Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat Exchanger Package 3Heat Exchanger Package 4Heat Exchanger Package 5S&THex, CnD, KRD, PHexS&THex, CnD,DHexS&THex, CnD, PHex£373£303£303Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat Exchanger Package 6Heat Exchanger Package 7Heat Exchanger Package 8S&THex, CnD, KRDKRD, PHex, DHexACHex, S&THex,CnD£294£260£303Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat exchanger package 9Heat Exchanger Package 10More Special OffersS&THex, CnD, VTDACHex, PHex, VTDPlease visit£303£277Engineer it for me LtdBuy NowBuy NowSpecial OffersAll our Heat Exchanger packages contains Physical Properties Estimation Database and PhysPro Fluid PropertiesPlease Note: All products will require activation after purchasing – full instructions are included withAir Cooled Heat Exchanger Design - WeBBusterZ
Q. How can moisture problems with pneumatically conveyed product be prevented?A common problem with pneumatically conveyed products is condensation in storage after a pressure conveying system, which can lead to caking, clumping, mold, and mildew. To prevent the problem, we must first understand how the water got there in the first place.Like pretty much everything else on this planet, most pneumatically conveyed products have some moisture content. Some have more, others less; for example, flour is 14% water and brown sugar is 1.8% water. The moisture content is liquid phase water, so heat will cause it to evaporate.Pressure conveying systems heat the conveyed product. Although the discharge of a flour conveying blower is much too hot to touch, the line is comfortably cool just a few feet downstream of the airlock that feeds in the flour. This tells us that when the air and flour come together, the air cools and the flour heats. See our equilibrium temperature calculator for more detail.Heating a moist product causes evaporation. Evaporation is inevitable because the higher temperature corresponds to higher water vapor pressure. For the same reason a cup of water cannot be heated to 101 C without flashing to steam, a moist product cannot be heated and still maintain the same level of moisture. There is nothing magic about 100 C; any increase in temperature corresponds to a higher vapor pressure.Water Vapor PressureMoisture will evaporate until the conveyed product cools off. Evaporation doesn’t happen immediately, it takes time. Just like a clothes dryer, heat is added and evaporation (drying) takes longer.When product is heated in a pneumatic conveying system, the amount of water vaporized is in proportion to the heat gain, not the moisture content of the product. That is why the same type of condensation that affects flour also affects sugar, even though sugar has much less moisture content.Water vapor condenses to liquid when cooled. If heated product is pneumatically conveyed into a container, the cooling typically comes from the ambient air outside of the container. When water evaporates from the heated product, the vapor migrates to the sides and top where it cools and condenses, causing caking, clumping, mold, and mildew.The solution to this problem is simple. Prevent the conveyed product from being heated in the conveying line. An air cooled heat exchanger is typically sufficient as it will cool the conveying air close to ambient temperature, preventing a subsequent cycle of evaporation and condensation.Q. What is “Approach Temperature”?This term refers to the temperature difference between the leaving process fluid and the entering service fluid. If air is cooled from 300 F to 100 F using 90 F cooling water, the air temperature approaches the water by 10 F (100 – 90 = 10). Such a heat exchanger is said to have a “10 F approach temperature.” The term “approach temperature” is used because it will stay fairly constant with changes in both inlet process and service fluid temperature.As the approach temperature diminishes, the size (and cost) of the heatAir-cooled heat exchanger design data
Want to be part of the team making the Orbital Age not just possible—but habitable—please consider joining us today. Air Check Valve Sierra Space designed and flight-certified the Air Check Valve for operation in conjunction with spacecraft ventilation systems. The air check valve works by preventing reverse airflow. It is designed for minimal pressure drop and operation in any orientation. The design is scalable/tunable and is offered in other qualified sizes. Air Check Valve (ACV-2) Sierra Space designed and flight-certified the ACV-2 Air Check Valve for operation in conjunction with spacecraft ventilation systems. The air check valve works by preventing reverse airflow. It is designed for minimal pressure drop and operation in any orientation. Air-Liquid Heat Exchanger (HX) The Air-Liquid Heat Exchanger (HX) is a fin-and-tube crossflow heat exchanger that transfers heat from cabin air into coolant. Warm cabin air is drawn across the heat exchanger surface by a fan (external to the HX). The package consists of two separate HX cores to support dual loop Thermal Control System (TCS) architectures. The two HX cores are mounted backto- back such that the cabin air flows sequentially through both cores. The Air-Liquid HX can also be manufactured in a single core configuration. Amish Patel Joins Sierra Space as Chief Operating Officer Former Rocket Lab and SpaceX Executive Joins Sierra Space as Company Experiences Significant Revenue Growth Across Expansive Program Portfolio LOUISVILLE, Colo. – Mar. 28, 2024 – Sierra Space, a leading commercial space-tech company and next generation defense-tech prime building a platform in space to benefit life on Earth and protect the freedom of economic activity in the Orbital Age®, is pleased to announce the appointment of Amish Patel as Chief Operating Officer. In his new role, Amish will oversee all aspects of the company’s operations, including purview over Sierra Space’sAir Cooled Heat Exchanger Design - Academia.edu
Location …but no mention of the fact that the 94°F occurs at 3 PM and the 100% relative humidity occurs at 3 AM when the air temperature is 65°F. Given the exponential shape of the dew point curve, it would grossly overstate the amount of moisture in the air to take data like this and presume the average high temperature/humidity is 94°F and 100% relative humidity.The capital and operating costs (e.g. refrigeration) of heat exchangers that cool below dew point are exponentially related to the specified dew point. Notice how the curve above is trending towards a vertical line as temperature increases. Overly conservative humidity specifications make projects financially unjustifiable and have kept a lot of beneficial systems on the drawing board. Please take care to specify a realistic dew point, or ask us and we’ll look up the ASHRAE design climate data for the installation site.Q. How is heat transfer duty calculated?Heat transfer can be classified in two ways:Sensible heat transfer, also known as temperature change. For example, it takes one BTU to raise one pound of water one °F. The key relationship here is:Q = Cp • M • TDWhere:Q is BTU/hrCp is heat capacity in BTU/lb-F (the Cp of water is 1)M is mass flow in lb/hrTD is Temperature difference in °FLatent heat transfer, also known as phase change. For example, it takes 1000 BTUs to boil one pound of liquid water into steam – at the same temperature. The key relationship here is:Q = Hfg • MWhere:Q is BTU/hrHfg is the latent heat of vaporization in BTU/lb (the Hfg of water is 1000)M is mass flow in lb/hrQ. How is heat exchanger performance calculated?Heat exchanger design starts looking just as simple, but it gets much more interesting! Heat exchangers are machines that get fluids to transfer their heat. Most heat exchangers work with two fluids flowing through separate passages, for example cold water flowing inside a tube and warm air flowing outside the tube. When this happens, the cold fluid warms up and the hot fluid cools off. The key relationship here is:Where:A is the required amount of surface area in ft2Q is duty in BTU/hrU is the performance of the heat exchanger in BTU/hr-ft2-°FLMTD is the mean temperature difference throughout the heat exchanger in deg FQ. How is a U value calculated?The U value is the heat exchanger’s performance coefficient, it’s based on the unit’s design, materials and the fluids that flow through. A heat exchanger made from aluminum will have a higher U value than one made of plastic, because aluminum is a better conductor of heat. A heat exchanger using water as coolant will have a higher U value than it would using air as coolant, because water is a better coolant. The key relationship here is:Where:U is the performance coefficient for the heat exchanger in BTU/hr-ft2-°Fh1, h2, h3, etc. for a fin tube, air-to-water heat exchanger are heat transfer coefficients typically:air, fin, tube, water.R1, R2, R3, etc. is the thermal resistance of. Free air cooled heat exchanger design calculator Excel: This page is giving a calculation method to design step by step air heat exchangers. Introduction to air cooled heat exchangers. Air cooled heat exchangers are appealing as they
(PDF) Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
The sump, so the saturation efficiency of the pad stays relatively constant. The following equations are used to determine the dry-bulb temperature leaving the evaporative media, given pad geometry and secondary airflow information. The heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined with the effectiveness of the heat exchanger according. Tdb sup out = Tdb sup in - ese*(Todb - Towb ) QHx = eHx * Min( CFMsec , CFMsupply) * rair * cp air * ( Todb - Tdb sec out) After the heat transfer for the heat exchanger has been determined, an energy balance is done on the supply airside to determine the dry-bulb temperature leaving the indirect evaporative cooler. This assumes all the energy for is provided by the primary air stream so the effectiveness value includes the air-to-air effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Tdb sup out = Tdb sup in - QHxrair∗cpair∗CFMsupply The wet-bulb temperature is determined from psychrometric routines using the leaving dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and barometric pressure, since humidity ratio is constant for the supply air across the indirect stage. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is determined from a parameter estimation using manufacturer’s performance data. For the indirect evaporative cooler it was found that a value of 0.67 represented reasonable default effectiveness. Wet Coil Indirect Evaporative Cooler[LINK] The input object EvaporativeCooler:Indirect:WetCoil provides a model for a wetted coil evaporative cooler, shown in the figure below, that has water sprayed directly on the tubes of the heat exchanger where latent cooling takes place. The vaporization of the water on the outside of the heat exchanger tubes allows the simultaneous heat and mass transfer which removes heat from the supply air on the tube side. Then the moist secondary air is exhausted. The secondary air stream has its own fan. Wet Coil Indirect Evaporative Cooler The process that the secondary air goes through, A to C on the following figure, is a path of simultaneous heat and mass transfer, but it does not follow a line of constant enthalpy as in the direct stage. The process is not adiabatic due to the heat gain from the supply air flowing through the tubes of the heat exchanger. Secondary Air Process – Indirect Wet Coil Evaporative Cooler The wet coil heat exchanger can have a higher stage efficiency than the dry coil due to a higher heat transfer rate on the outside of the heat exchanger tubes. Over the operating lifetime of the heat exchanger, the vaporization taking place on the heat exchange surface can leave mineral deposits that will decrease the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Efficiencies of the Indirect Stage[LINK] In an indirect stage of an evaporative cooler, the secondary or wet side air stream acts as a heat sink for the supply air. The efficiency of the indirect stage is given as the effectiveness of the sensible heat exchange, eHx, and the saturation efficiency on the wet streamside, ese. These are expressed as: eHx = qqmax = Csup(Tsupin−Tsupout)Cmin(Tsecin−Tsecout) , ese = Tdbsecin−TdbsecoutTodb−TowbAIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN USING
Pollutants are generated (bathrooms, kitchen, hobby room). Balanced ventilation with heat recovery. If there are separate fans to introduce fresh air and exhaust indoor air, it makes a lot of sense to locate these fans together and include an air-to-air heat exchanger so that the outgoing house air will precondition the incoming outdoor air. This air-to-air heat exchanger—more commonly referred to today as a heat-recovery ventilator or HRV—is the way to go in colder climates. A slightly different version, known as an energy-recovery ventilator (ERV), doesn’t transfer moisture (often an advantage when a house would get too dry in the winter or too humid in the summer).I’m a firm believer that all homes should have mechanical ventilation. With better-insulated, tighter homes, that ventilation is all the more important. But even in a very leaky house, one can’t count on bringing in much fresh air or calm days in the spring and fall when there isn’t a pressure differential across the building envelope.If budgets allow, going with balanced ventilation is strongly recommended, and if you’re doing that in a relatively cold climate, like ours, then providing heat recovery is a no-brainer. Mechanical ventilation always takes energy; with heat recovery the energy penalty of fresh air is minimized.Alex is founder of BuildingGreen, Inc. In 2012 he founded the Resilient Design Institute. Published February 5, 2014 Permalink Citation (2014, February 5). 6 Ways to Ventilate Your Home (and Which is Best). Retrieved from Also on BuildingGreen Explore the archives. Free air cooled heat exchanger design calculator Excel: This page is giving a calculation method to design step by step air heat exchangers. Introduction to air cooled heat exchangers. Air cooled heat exchangers are appealing as they Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Basics. Air cooled heat exchangers work on the simple principles of convection and conduction. An air cooled heat exchangers design may accomplish this byAir Cooled Heat Exchanger Design Software
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Interactive Heat Transfer 4.0RequestDownloadlink when availableChoose the most popular programs from Design & Photo software4 6 votes Your vote:Latest version:4.0.1.3See allReviewDownloadComments Questions & Answers Old versionsInteractive Heat Transfer 3.0 RequestDownloadlink when availableEdit program infoInfo updated on:Nov 13, 2022Software InformerDownload popular programs, drivers and latest updates easilyNo specific info about version 4.0. Please visit the main page of Interactive Heat Transfer on Software Informer.Share your experience:Write a review about this program Comments 46 votes23010Your vote:Notify me about replies Comment viaFacebookRelated software Air Cooled Heat Exchanger It shows the thermal design and sizing calculations of cooled heat exchangers.The Heat Exchanger Network FreeTHEN is a heat exchanger network synthesis program.Heat Transfer FreeHeat Transfer Solver shows a group of Heat Transfer problems with solutionsGasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Thermal analysis and calculations for gasketed plate heat exchangers.Hydrotherm Interactive FreeA Computer Code for Simulation of Two-Phase Ground-Water Flow and Heat TransportRelated storiesSee allMobile Data Transfer. Part I: Android → PCMobile Data Transfer. Part II: iOS → PCBest tools to perform iOS → PC data transferProven: we don't really work on Fridays. Is there a cure?TagsHeat transferInteractiveTransferHeatUsers are downloadingBlue Heat/Net Configuration ManagerUPONOR HSE-therm / heat&energy RO
2025-04-21Exchanger will eventually increase exponentially. One should be careful not to specify heat exchangers with unnecessarily small approach temperatures, as it can lead to costly over-design. Reasonable approach temperatures are usually:15 F for water cooled heat exchangers20 F for steam heated heat exchangers25 F for air cooled heat exchangersIf you do not absolutely need a particular outlet temperature from your heat exchanger, let your designer know; they can use this information to offer you less costly alternatives!Q. What is Dew Point?The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant pressure, for water vapor to start to condense into liquid. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation point. The dew point is associated with relative humidity; high relative humidity indicates that the dew point is close to the temperature. Relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the temperature and the water vapor (humidity) is saturated. When the dew point remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity will decrease. At a given pressure, independent of temperature, the dew point indicates the mole fraction of water vapor in the air, and therefore determines the specific humidity of the air.The below graph of a typical 24 hour period with roughly the same absolute humidity (dew point) illustrates the inverse relationship between temperature and relative humidity.Find data for your area on Climate Charts world-wide map. Click on a nearby station to view a chart of daily high and low temperatures. The overnight low is often a few degrees below the daytime dew point.Extreme ValuesA dew point of 33 °C (91 °F) was observed at 2:00 p.m. on July 12, 1987, in Melbourne, Florida. A dew point of 32 °C (90 °F) has been observed in the United States on at least two occasions: Appleton, Wisconsin, at 5:00 p.m. on July 13, 1995, and New Orleans Naval Air Station at 5:00 p.m. on July 30, 1987. A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on July 8, 2003. Dew points this high are extremely rare occurrences. Dew points higher than 80°F are rare, even in the tropics. The most humid USA design condition published by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers) is Galveston, Tx: a 75.2 °F dew point, which is exceeded only 1% of the average summer, or about 30 hours.The heat index below gives some perspective on dew points. Beware of a specification of “100 F, 100% RH” …as you can see it’s off the chart; it simply does not happen.NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat IndexHumidity specified in terms of dew point is much simpler and less error-prone than the often misused term relative humidity. Relative humidity is often specified without an accurate reference temperature (to which the humidity is relative). For instance, it’s common to see something like: “Average temperature 55 to 94°F and relative humidity of 35% to 100%” for a
2025-04-08To read about any of the products offered here or to download a demo please feel free to explore the website from the menu on the left-hand side.Prices are subject to change, please check back regularly. All prices indicated are in British Pounds (GBP)PLEASE NOTE THAT PRICES BELOW ARE EXECLUSIVE OF ANY LOCAL TAXESSoftwareAbbreviationHeat Exchanger SuiteHExSAir Cooled Heat Exchanger DesignACHexCondenser DesignCnDShell & Tube Heat Exchanger DesignS&THexDouble Pipe Heat Exchanger DesignDHexKettle Reboiler DesignKRDGasketed Plate Heat Exchanger DesignPHexVertical Thermosiphon DesignVTDOrifice Design CalculatorOrDWeBBusterZ Physical Properties EstimationPhysPropsPhysPro Fluid PropertiesPhysProRelief valve sizing calculatorRVProcess Engineering CalculatorProEngCalcHelical Coil Heat Exchanger DesignHCHexQuick Process & Instrumentation DiagramQuick P&IDDecanter Sizing CalculatorDSCProductsProductsPrice (GBP)Single User LicenseNetwork User License Engineer it for me LtdMin 5 Licenses * ProEngCalc£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowACHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowVTD£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHCHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowCnD£110.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowS&THex£99.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowKRD£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowDHex£80.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowPHex£90.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowOrD£40.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowRV£40.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowQuick P&ID£45.00Buy NowBuy NowBuyNowHExS£549.00Buy NowBuy NowDSC£49.00Buy NowBuy NowPhyProps£35.00Buy NowPhysPro Fluid Properties£45.00Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowLicense Replacement Service / Extra Licenses PurchaseFrom £30.00Contact usProduct Upgrade (Any Webbusterz Software above)15% off the purchase priceContact usMaintenance Plan Renewal£40.00 – 6 Months£55 – 1 Year£140 – 2 Years£200 – 3 YearsBuy NowSoftware Support (Premium support per hour service)£125.00 Per hour(Click to read about this)Buy Now* Network Licenses are valid for 3 years from the date of activation. * Volume Discounts Available during PurchaseSpecial OffersSoftware bundles at a discounted price are listed below, to check out any package click on the link. to see all packages please visit our special offer storeAll software packageHExSHeat Exchanger Package 2HExS, ProEngCalc, DSCACHex, S&THex,CnD, KRD,DHex,PHex,HCHex,VTDS&THex, CnD, KRD, DHex£699£549£364Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat Exchanger Package 3Heat Exchanger Package 4Heat Exchanger Package 5S&THex, CnD, KRD, PHexS&THex, CnD,DHexS&THex, CnD, PHex£373£303£303Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat Exchanger Package 6Heat Exchanger Package 7Heat Exchanger Package 8S&THex, CnD, KRDKRD, PHex, DHexACHex, S&THex,CnD£294£260£303Buy NowBuy NowBuy NowHeat exchanger package 9Heat Exchanger Package 10More Special OffersS&THex, CnD, VTDACHex, PHex, VTDPlease visit£303£277Engineer it for me LtdBuy NowBuy NowSpecial OffersAll our Heat Exchanger packages contains Physical Properties Estimation Database and PhysPro Fluid PropertiesPlease Note: All products will require activation after purchasing – full instructions are included with
2025-04-15Q. How can moisture problems with pneumatically conveyed product be prevented?A common problem with pneumatically conveyed products is condensation in storage after a pressure conveying system, which can lead to caking, clumping, mold, and mildew. To prevent the problem, we must first understand how the water got there in the first place.Like pretty much everything else on this planet, most pneumatically conveyed products have some moisture content. Some have more, others less; for example, flour is 14% water and brown sugar is 1.8% water. The moisture content is liquid phase water, so heat will cause it to evaporate.Pressure conveying systems heat the conveyed product. Although the discharge of a flour conveying blower is much too hot to touch, the line is comfortably cool just a few feet downstream of the airlock that feeds in the flour. This tells us that when the air and flour come together, the air cools and the flour heats. See our equilibrium temperature calculator for more detail.Heating a moist product causes evaporation. Evaporation is inevitable because the higher temperature corresponds to higher water vapor pressure. For the same reason a cup of water cannot be heated to 101 C without flashing to steam, a moist product cannot be heated and still maintain the same level of moisture. There is nothing magic about 100 C; any increase in temperature corresponds to a higher vapor pressure.Water Vapor PressureMoisture will evaporate until the conveyed product cools off. Evaporation doesn’t happen immediately, it takes time. Just like a clothes dryer, heat is added and evaporation (drying) takes longer.When product is heated in a pneumatic conveying system, the amount of water vaporized is in proportion to the heat gain, not the moisture content of the product. That is why the same type of condensation that affects flour also affects sugar, even though sugar has much less moisture content.Water vapor condenses to liquid when cooled. If heated product is pneumatically conveyed into a container, the cooling typically comes from the ambient air outside of the container. When water evaporates from the heated product, the vapor migrates to the sides and top where it cools and condenses, causing caking, clumping, mold, and mildew.The solution to this problem is simple. Prevent the conveyed product from being heated in the conveying line. An air cooled heat exchanger is typically sufficient as it will cool the conveying air close to ambient temperature, preventing a subsequent cycle of evaporation and condensation.Q. What is “Approach Temperature”?This term refers to the temperature difference between the leaving process fluid and the entering service fluid. If air is cooled from 300 F to 100 F using 90 F cooling water, the air temperature approaches the water by 10 F (100 – 90 = 10). Such a heat exchanger is said to have a “10 F approach temperature.” The term “approach temperature” is used because it will stay fairly constant with changes in both inlet process and service fluid temperature.As the approach temperature diminishes, the size (and cost) of the heat
2025-04-08